Metropolitan Police Service
The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) is the territorial police force responsible for Greater London, excluding the "square mile" of the City of London which is the responsibility of the City of London Police.[9] The MPS also has significant national responsibilities such as co-ordinating and leading on counter-terrorism matters and protection of the British Royal Family and senior figures of Her Majesty's Government.[10]
At the end of October 2011, the MPS employed 48,661 (full-time) personnel. This included 31,478 sworn police officers, 13,350 non-police staff, and 3,831 non-sworn Police Community Support Officers. This number excludes the 5,479 Special Constables, who work part-time (a minimum of 16 hours a month) although have the same powers as regular officers.[6] This makes the Metropolitan Police the largest police force in the United Kingdom by a significant margin, and one of the biggest forces in the world.[11]
The Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, known commonly as Commissioner, is the overall operational leader of the force, responsible and accountable to the Metropolitan Police Authority. The post of Commissioner was first held jointly by Sir Charles Rowan and Sir Richard Mayne. The post is currently occupied by Bernard Hogan-Howe, QPM. The Commissioner's sub-ordinate, the Deputy Commissioner, is currently Cressida Dick QPM, serving as Acting deputy commissioner; the permanent incumbent is Craig Mackey who shall take office in the New Year 2012.
A number of informal names and abbreviations exists for the Metropolitan Police Service, such as "the Met", "Met Pol", "MP" and "the MPS". In colloquial London (or Cockney) slang, it is referred to as the "Old Bill".[1] In statutes it is referred to in the lower case as the "metropolitan police force" or the "metropolitan police", without the appendage "service". The MPS is also referred to by the metonym Scotland Yard after the location of its original headquarters in and around Great Scotland Yard, Whitehall.[12] The current headquarters of the MPS is New Scotland Yard.
History
The Metropolitan Police Service was founded in 1829, under the Metropolitan Police Act, and at that time merged with the River Thames Marine Police Force which had been formed in 1798.
Police area and other forces
The police area policed by the Metropolitan Police Service is known as the Metropolitan Police District (MPD). In terms of geographic policing the MPS is divided into a number of Borough Operational Command Units which directly align with the 32 London boroughs covered. The City of London (which is not a London borough) is a separate police area and is the responsibility of the separate City of London Police.
The Ministry of Defence Police are responsible for policing of Ministry of Defence property throughout the United Kingdom, including its headquarters in Whitehall and other MoD establishments across the MPD.[13]
The British Transport Police is responsible for policing of the rail network in the United Kingdom, including London. Within London, they are also responsible for policing of the London Underground, Tramlink and the Docklands Light Railway.[14]
The English part of the Royal Parks Constabulary, which patrolled a number of Greater London's major parks, was merged with the Metropolitan Police in 2004 and is now policed by the Royal Parks Operational Command Unit.[15] There is also a small park police force, the Kew Constabulary, responsible for the Royal Botanic Gardens, whose officers have full police powers within the park. A few London borough councils maintain their own borough park constabularies, though their remit only extends to park by-laws, and although they are sworn as constables under laws applicable to parks, their powers are not equal to those of constables appointed under the Police Acts, meaning that they are not police officers.[16]
It should be noted that despite these specialist police forces the MPS is statutorily responsible for law and order throughout the MPD and can take on primacy of any incident or investigation within it.
MPS officers have legal jurisdiction throughout all of England and Wales, including areas which have their own special police forces, such as the Ministry of Defence, as do all police officers of territorial police forces. Officers also have limited powers in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Within the MPD, the MPS will take over the investigation of any serious crime from the British Transport Police and Ministry of Defence Police if it is deemed appropriate. Terrorist incidents and complex murder enquiries will almost always be investigated by the MPS, with the assistance of any relevant specialist force, even if they are committed on railway or Ministry of Defence property. (A minor oddity to the normal jurisdiction of territorial police officers in England and Wales is that MPS officers involved in protection duties of the Royal Family and other VIPs have full police powers in Scotland and Northern Ireland in connection with those duties.)
Organisation and structure
The Metropolitan Police Service is organised into five main directorates, each with differing responsibilities. They are Territorial Policing, Specialist Crime Directorate, Specialist Operations, Central Operations, and administration and support. Each is overseen by an Assistant Commissioner, or in the case of administrative departments a director of police staff which is the equivalent civil staff grade. The management board is made up of the Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner and internal department heads.
Ranks
The Metropolitan Police Service uses the standard British police ranks, indicated by shoulder boards, up to Chief Superintendent, but uniquely has five ranks above that level instead of the standard three; namely Commander, Deputy Assistant Commissioner, Assistant Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner and Commissioner. [17] All senior officers above the rank of Commander are chief police officers of ACPO rank.
The MPS approved the use of name badges in October 2003, with new recruits wearing the Velcro badges from September 2004. The badge consists of the wearer's rank, followed by their surname.[18]
Following controversy over assaults by uniformed officers with concealed shoulder identification numbers[19] during the G20 summit, Commissioner Sir Paul Stephenson said, "the public has a right to be able to identify any uniformed officer whilst performing their duty" by their shoulder identification numbers.[20]
The MPS uniformed officer rank structure, with shoulder badge features, is as follows:
- Special Constable (SC or MSC): an SC Crown, Divisional call sign and shoulder number.
- Police Constable (PC): Divisional call sign and shoulder number.
- Sergeant (Sgt or PS): Three pointing-down chevrons above divisional call sign and shoulder number. An 'acting' sergeant, such as a substantive constable being paid an allowance to undertake the duties of a sergeant for a short period of time, displays two pointing-down chevrons above the divisional call sign, and shoulder number. The use of three chevrons by an acting sergeant is technically incorrect, and should only be used during a period of temporary promotion.
- Inspector (Insp): Two Order of the Bath stars, informally known as "pips".
- Chief Inspector (C/Insp): Three pips.
- Superintendent (Supt): Single crown.
- Chief Superintendent (C/Supt): Single crown over one pip.
- Commander (Cdr): Crossed tipstaves in a bayleaf wreath. This is the first ACPO rank.
- Deputy Assistant Commissioner (DAC): One pip over Commander's badge.
- Assistant Commissioner (AC): Crown over Commander's badge.
- Deputy Commissioner (D/Comm): Crown above two side-by-side small pips, above Commander's badge.
- Commissioner (Comm): Crown above one pip above Commander's badge.
For a comparison of these ranks with other British police forces (in and out of London) see Police ranks of the United Kingdom.
The MPS also has several active Volunteer Police Cadet units, which maintain their own internal rank structure.[21] The Metropolitan Special Constabulary (MSC) is a contingent of part-time volunteer police officers and is attached to most Borough Operational Command Units. The MSC has its own internal rank structure.
The prefix "Woman" in front of female officers' ranks has been obsolete since 1999. Members of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) up to and including the rank of Chief Superintendent prefix their ranks with "Detective". Detective ranks are equivalent in rank to their uniform counterparts. Other departments, such as Special Branch and Child Protection, award non-detectives "Branch Detective" status, allowing them to use the "Detective" prefix. None of these detective ranks confer on the holder any extra pay or supervisory authority compared to their uniformed colleagues.
Resources
MPS employees consist of uniformed police officers, Special Constables, civilian staff, and Police Community Support Officers.[22] The MPS was the first force to introduce PCSOs.
Uniformed traffic wardens, who wear a uniform with yellow and black markings, are a distinct body from local authority civil enforcement officers. The former have greater powers that include being able to stop vehicles and redirect traffic at an incident.[23]
Police numbers
- Regular police officers: 31,920[24]
- Police Community Support Officers: 3,887[24]
- Special Constables: 5,232[24]
- Traffic wardens: 470[24]
- Horses: 120[25]
- Other police staff: 13,727[24]
Historic numbers of police officers
- 2010: 33,260 (this excludes Special Constables who work part-time, of which there were 3,125)[26]
- 2009: 32,543 (this excludes Special Constables who work part-time, of which there were 2,622)[27]
- 2004: 31,000 (approx)[28]
- 2003: 28,000 (approx)[28]
- 2001: 25,000 (approx)[29]
- 1984: 27,000 (approx)[30]
- 1965: 18,016[31]
- 1952: 16,400[32]
- 1912: 20,529[33]
Fleet
The MPS operates and maintains a fleet of over 8,000 vehicles[34] which are used for a range of duties, including:[35]
- Area cars, used for patrol and pursuit duties;
- Incident Response Vehicles (IRVs), used for patrol and emergency response;
- Traffic units, used to patrol the highways, reduce traffic offences and encourage road safety;
- Protected carriers, used for public order duties;
- Control units, used for incident command and control purposes;
- Armoured multi-role vehicles, used for public order duties, airport duties or as required;
- General purpose vehicles, used for general support and transportation duties of officers or equipment;
- Training vehicles, used to train police drivers;
- Miscellaneous vehicles, such as horseboxes and trailers.
A full list of the front-line vehicles in the MPS fleet is located here:[35]
The majority of vehicles have a service life of three to five years; the MPS replaces or upgrades between 800 and 1,000 vehicles each year.
The MPS Air Support Unit operates three Eurocopter EC 145 helicopters, using the call signs India 97, India 98 and India 99. The helicopters are marked in police livery and used for a range of operations. They each cost £5.2 million and have a service life of ten years, meaning they will become due for replacement in 2017.[35]
The Marine Policing Unit operates a total of 22 vessels, from its base in Wapping.
Cost of the service
Annual expenditure for single years, selected by quarter centuries.[36]
- 1829/30: £194,126
- 1848: £437,441
- 1873: £1,118,785
- 1898: £1,812,735
- 1923: £7,838,251
- 1948: £12,601,263
- 1973: £95,000,000
- 1998/9: £2,033,000,000
Crime figures
Crimes reported within the Metropolitan Police District, selected by quarter centuries.[37]
- 1829/30: 20,000
- 1848: 15,000
- 1873: 20,000
- 1898: 18,838
- 1923: 15,383
- 1948: 126,597
- 1973: 355,258
- 1998/9: 934,254
Detection rates
The following table shows the percentage detection rates for the MPS by offence group for 2010/11.[38]
|
Total |
Violence against the person |
Sexual offences |
Robbery |
Burglary |
Offences against vehicles |
Other theft offences |
Fraud and forgery |
Criminal damage |
Drug offences |
Other offences |
| Metropolitan Police |
24 |
35 |
23 |
17 |
11 |
5 |
14 |
16 |
13 |
91 |
63 |
| England and Wales |
28 |
44 |
30 |
21 |
13 |
11 |
22 |
24 |
14 |
94 |
69 |
Stations
In addition to the headquarters at New Scotland Yard, there are 140 police stations in London.[39] These range from large borough headquarters staffed around the clock every day to smaller stations which may be open to the public only during normal business hours, or on certain days of the week.
Most police stations can easily be identified from one or more blue lamps located outside the entrance, which were introduced in 1861.
The oldest police station, which opened in Bow Street in 1881, closed in 1992 and the adjoining Bow Street Magistrates' Court heard its last case on 14 July 2006.[40] The oldest operational police station is in Wapping, and opened in 1908. It is the headquarters of the Marine Policing Unit (formerly known as Thames Division), which is responsible for policing the River Thames. It also houses a mortuary and the River Police Museum.
Paddington Green Police Station is an MPS station that has received much publicity for its housing of terrorism suspects in an underground complex.
MPS stations may house a variety of roles and ranks of police staff, such as:
- Uniformed police officers and Special Constables who are responsible for attending emergency calls;
- Uniformed police officers and Special Constables who make up a "safer neighbourhood team", policing a specific area;
- Police Community Support Officers responsible for a general presence in the community and assisting in policing duties;
- MPS-employed traffic wardens who enforce parking regulations;
- Non-police Crime Reduction Officers who are responsible for attending public functions with advice, visiting households, and handing out items such as personal alarms;
- Non-police Firearms Enquiry Officers responsible for issuing firearms certificates and related duties;
- Non-police Station Reception Officer or Station PCSO who are responsible for interaction with members of the public who enter the front office of the station, along with general administration;
- Non-police fingerprinting and identification staff who are responsible for maintaining criminal identity archives;
- Police cadets assisting police officers, PCSOs or other police staff in non-confrontational duties; and
- CID detectives concerned with criminal investigations.
Most stations have temporary holding cells where an arrested person can be held until either being released without charge, bailed to appear at court on a later date, or remanded until escort to a court.
In 2004 there was a call from the Institute for Public Policy Research for more imaginative planning of police stations to aid in improving relations between police forces and the wider community.[41]
Notable incidents and investigations
Notable major incidents and investigations in which the MPS has been involved include:
- 1888–1891: Whitechapel murders: Suspected to have been carried out by Jack the Ripper who killed at least five prostitutes. No suspect was ever charged with the murders, and the identity of the killer remains unknown.
- 1975: Balcombe Street Siege: From 6 to 12 December 1975, Provisional IRA members took a couple hostage in their home, while on the run from police.[44]
- 1975: Spaghetti House siege: The Spaghetti House siege occurred on 18 September 1975 when alleged members of the Black Liberation Army attempted to commit an armed robbery at the Spaghetti House restaurant to gain publicity for their cause. However, the robbery was discovered by police, and the would-be robbers initiated a siege by taking hostages.[45]
- 1976: Notting Hill Carnival riot: After MPS officers attempted to arrest an alleged pickpocket at the Notting Hill Carnival on 30 August 1976, a riot ensued leading to over 100 officers being admitted to hospital.[47]
- 1978–1983: Muswell Hill murders: Serial killer Dennis Nilsen murdered at least 15 men and boys over a period of five years. He was known for retaining corpses for sex acts, and disposing of body parts by burning them or dumping them in drains. Some remains were found in his home at Muswell Hill when MPS officers apprehended him.[48]
- 1979: Death of Blair Peach: Teacher Peach was fatally injured in April 1979 during a demonstration in Southall by the Anti-Nazi League against a National Front election meeting taking place in the town hall. He was knocked unconscious and died the next day in hospital. Police brutality was never proven to be a contributory factor in his death, but it was claimed that he had fallen to a blow from a rubberised police radio belonging to the MPS's now disbanded Special Patrol Group.[49] In 2010, a police report was disclosed which stated that it was likely an MPS officer "struck the fatal blow" and attributed "grave suspicion" to one unnamed officer, who it says may also have been involved in a cover-up along with two colleagues.[50]
- 1980: Iranian Embassy Siege: Members of a terrorist group calling themselves the Democratic Revolutionary Movement for the Liberation of Arabistan (DRMLA) took staff hostage in the Iranian embassy. The MPS were heavily involved in negotiations but after six days they were terminated, and the British Army's Special Air Service (SAS) stormed the building. Five separatists and one hostage died.[51]
- 1981: Brixton riot: – During the early 1980s the MPS began Operation Swamp which was implemented to cut street crime by the use of the Sus law which legally allowed officers to stop people on the suspicion of wrongdoing. Tensions rose within the black community after a black youth was stabbed, leading to severe rioting on 11 April 1981.[52]
- 1982–86: The Railway Rapists: John Duffy and David Mulcahy committed 18 rapes of women and young girls at or near railway stations in London and South East England, murdering three of their victims. MPS officers worked with neighbouring forces to solve the crimes. Duffy was convicted in 1988, but Mulcahy was not brought to justice until almost ten years later.[53]
- 1985: Brixton riot: Rioting erupted in Brixton on 28 September 1985, sparked by the shooting of Dorothy Groce by police seeking her son Michael Groce in relation to a suspected firearms offence who believed to be hiding in his mother's home. He was not there at the time, and Groce was part-paralysed by the bullet.[54]
- 1985: Broadwater Farm riot: A week after the Brixton riot, while tensions among the black community were still high, riots broke out in Tottenham, north London, after the mother of a black man whose house was being searched died of a heart attack during the operation. During the riot, PC Keith Blakelock was murdered. Blakelock's murder remains unsolved.[55]
- 1986: The Stockwell Strangler: Kenneth Erskine carried out a series of attacks in Stockwell on elderly men and women, breaking into their homes and strangling them to death. Most were sexually assaulted before being murdered. In 2009, Erskine's murder convictions were reduced to manslaughter on the grounds of diminished responsibility after an appeal.[56]
- 1987: King's Cross fire: Fire broke out under a wooden escalator leading from one of the Underground station platforms to the surface at King's Cross. The blaze and resulting smoke claimed 31 lives, including that of a senior firefighter.[57]
- 1988: Clapham Junction rail crash: A packed commuter train passed a defective signal and ran into the back of a second train, derailing it into the path of a third oncoming train. 35 people were killed and 69 injured.[58]
- 1990: Poll Tax Riots: Rioting triggered by growing unrest against the Community Charge, and grew from a legitimate demonstration which had taken place earlier. An estimated £400,000 worth of damage was caused.[60]
- 1993: The Gay Slayer: Former soldier Colin Ireland murdered five gay men in a deliberate bid to gain notoriety (he had read an article that said to be a 'serial killer' one must have killed five times or more).[62]
- 1993: Murder of Stephen Lawrence: A series of operations failed to convict the killers of schoolboy Stephen Lawrence, despite substantial evidence. The resulting MacPherson inquiry found that the MPS was "institutionally racist".[63]
- 1995: Brixton riot: A large gathering protested outside Brixton police station over the death of a local man in police custody, leading to a riot. Three police officers were injured and a two-mile exclusion zone was set up around Brixton. Later reports showed that the male in custody died of heart failure, said to be brought on because of difficulties restraining him.[64]
- 1999: The London Nailbomber: David Copeland carried out a series of hate attacks on ethnic minority areas and on a pub frequented by the gay community.[65]
- 1999: Carnival Against Capitalism: Previously peaceful anti-capitalist demonstrations ended with disorder in the City of London, which caused widespread damage, particularly to businesses identified with global capitalism.[66]
- 2001: May Day protest: In an attempt to control crowds, the MPS employed the tactic of "kettling", and were criticised for detaining innocent bystanders for long periods of time.[67]
- 2001: Thames murder case: The dismembered body of a young boy believed to have been between the ages of four and seven was spotted floating in the River Thames, named by police as Adam in the absence of a confirmed identity. During the investigation a police commander and a detective chief inspector met with Nelson Mandela.[68] The case was never solved.[69]
- 2004: Pro-hunting protests: Demonstrators protesting against the Hunting Act 2004 outside parliament were involved in violent confrontations with the MPS.[70]
- 2005: 7 July bombings: Four suicide bombings across London, in which MPS officers worked to a major incident plan to provide coordination, control and forensic and investigative resources.[71]
- 2005: 21 July attempted bombings and death of Jean Charles de Menezes: Multiple attempted bombings across London, in which MPS officers worked to a similar plan to that used two weeks previously. In the aftermath of these events, Jean Charles de Menezes was mistakenly targeted as a potential terrorist and shot dead in a deployment of Operation Kratos.[72]
- 2006: Transatlantic aircraft bomb plot: Alleged plot to detonate liquid explosives on transatlantic aircraft and other related terrorist activities by militant Islamists were foiled by British police, including MPS officers.[73][74]
- 2006: Operation Mokpo: Officers from Operation Trident made the MPS's largest ever seizure of firearms after a series of raids in Dartford, Kent.[75]
- 2007: Attempted car bombings: Attempted car bombings in central London. One of the devices, in a car outside a nightclub, was initially reported by a London Ambulance Service paramedic dealing with an unrelated incident nearby. MPS bomb disposal officers defused this device and another located in an underground car park. Subsequent investigation led to convictions of those involved.
- 2008: National Black Police Association boycott: Declared against the police force on the grounds of racial discrimination. This followed high profile controversies involving high-ranking black officers, including allegations of racism made by Tarique Ghaffur – the highest ranking Asian officer in the MPS – against commissioner Ian Blair.
- 2009: G-20 summit protests and Death of Ian Tomlinson: The MPS used the "kettling" technique to contain large numbers of demonstrators during the G-20 protests. Ian Tomlinson, a bystander to the protests, died from internal bleeding after he was struck with a baton and pushed to the ground by a police constable of the Territorial Support Group.[76] The jury at the inquest into Tomlinson's death returned a verdict of unlawful killing. Following a separate incident, a sergeant in the Territorial Support Group was suspended after being filmed striking a woman's face with his hand and her leg with a baton, but was later cleared of any wrongdoing.[77]
- 2010: Pope Benedict XVI's visit: In September 2010, Pope Benedict XVI became the first pope to undertake a state visit to the UK. Around 10,000 people demonstrated on the streets of London when the pope's tour of England and Scotland arrived in the capital.[78]
- 2011: Anti-cuts protest: 201 people were arrested, and 66 were injured, including 31 police officers, as up to 500,000 people demonstrated in central London against planned public spending cuts. It was described as the largest protest in the United Kingdom since the 15 February 2003 anti-Iraq War protest and the largest union-organised rally in London since the Second World War.
- 2011: Conviction of the Night Stalker: Operation Minstead concluded after 12 years on 24 March 2011 with the conviction of the Night Stalker. Delroy Grant raped and assaulted elderly victims over a period of 17 years from 1992 to 2009 across south London, Kent and Surrey. He was found guilty of 29 charges, including burglaries, rapes and sexual assaults, but MPS officers linked him to over 200 different offences during the 1990s and 2000s.[79] Grant was given four life sentences and ordered to serve a minimum of 27 years in prison.[80]
- 2011: Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton: 5,000 MPS officers were deployed to police the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton at Westminster Abbey on 29 April 2011. In advance of the event, Assistant Commissioner Lynne Owens said "People who want to come to London to peacefully protest can do that but they must remember that it is a day of national celebration". In fact, approximately one hundred people were pre-emptively arrested in advance of the wedding and were detained without charge for the duration of the wedding, with the apparent aim of suppressing protest. Other protestors were arrested on the day of the wedding; some were detained at railway stations on arrival. The Metropolitan Police claim that one million people were physically present in London to watch the wedding procession.[81]
- 2011: 2011 London riots: Dozens of officers were injured in a series of public disturbances initially in the Tottenham area, following an incident in which a suspect was shot dead by MPS officers.[83] The MPS launched Operation Withern,[84] a major investigation into the disturbances which spread into many other areas of the city and included instances of arson and looting.
Officers killed in the line of duty
The Police Memorial Trust lists and commemorates all British police officers killed in the line of duty, and since its establishment in 1984 has erected over 38 memorials to some of those officers.
Since 1900, the following officers of the Metropolitan Police Service are listed by the Trust as having been killed while attempting to prevent, stop or solve a criminal act in progress:[85][86][87]
| Rank |
Name |
Year of death |
Circumstances |
| PC |
Ernest Thompson |
1900 |
Stabbed by a suspect causing a street disturbance |
| PC |
Arthur John Wilkins Healey |
1902 |
Fell through roof while searching a premises |
| PC |
James Frederick Macey |
1904 |
Collapsed and died after an arrest |
| PC |
Leonard Russell |
1904 |
Collapsed and died during an arrest |
| Sgt |
Thomas William Perry |
1905 |
Collapsed and died after an arrest |
| PC |
William Percy Croft |
1905 |
Fatally injured in a fall while pursuing burglars |
| PC |
William Frederick Tyler |
1909 |
Shot dead while pursuing robbery suspects |
| Insp |
Alfred Edward Deeks |
1912 |
Collapsed and died while dispersing a nuisance crowd |
| DC |
Alfred Young, KPM |
1915 |
Shot dead attempting an arrest |
| PC |
Herbert Berry |
1918 |
Fatally injured during an arrest |
| Sgt |
Henry William Sawyer |
1918 |
Fatally injured during an arrest |
| Sgt |
Thomas Green |
1919 |
Bludgeoned during a mob attack on a police station |
| PC |
Thomas Eldred B. Rowland |
1919 |
Died from injuries sustained during an arrest |
| PC |
James Kelly |
1920 |
Shot dead while pursuing a burglar |
| PC |
David Fleming Ford |
1929 |
Fell through a roof while pursuing burglars |
| PC |
Arthur Lawes |
1930 |
Run over while attempting to stop a stolen vehicle |
| PC |
George William Allen |
1931 |
Fatally injured with Cautherley when his vehicle crashed during a police pursuit |
| PC |
Harry Cautherley |
1931 |
Fatally injured with Allen when his vehicle crashed during a police pursuit |
| PC |
George Thomas Shepherd |
1938 |
Dragged by a stolen vehicle while attempting to arrest the driver |
| WRC |
Jack William Avery |
1940 |
Stabbed while questioning a suspect |
| PC |
Nathanael Edgar |
1948 |
Shot dead while questioning a suspect |
| PC |
Sidney George Miles |
1952 |
Shot dead by Christopher Craig |
| PC |
Edgar Gerald Allen |
1958 |
Fatally injured when his vehicle crashed during a police pursuit |
| PC |
Raymond Henry Summers |
1958 |
Stabbed while intervening in a street affray |
| DS |
Raymond William Purdy |
1959 |
Shot dead while detaining a suspect |
| PC |
Ronald Alan Addison |
1960 |
Collapsed and died while pursuing suspects |
| PC |
Edward Roy Dorney |
1960 |
Struck by a train while pursuing suspects |
| Insp |
Philip Pawsey, QPM |
1961 |
Shot dead with Hutchins by a suspect |
| PC |
Frederick George Hutchins, QPM |
1961 |
Shot dead with Pawsey by a suspect |
| DS |
Christopher Head |
1966 |
Shot dead in the Massacre of Braybrook Street |
| PC |
Geoffrey Fox |
1966 |
Shot dead in the Massacre of Braybrook Street |
| DC |
David Wombwell |
1966 |
Shot dead in the Massacre of Braybrook Street |
| PC |
Desmond Morgan Acreman |
1967 |
Accidentally run over while pursuing suspects |
| PC |
Douglas Frederick Beckerson |
1971 |
Fell through a roof while pursuing a suspect |
| PC |
Michael Anthony Whiting, QPM |
1973 |
Dragged by a vehicle while attempting to arrest the driver |
| Insp |
David George Gisborne |
1974 |
Collapsed and died after being assaulted in a riot |
| CEO |
Roger Philip Goad, GC |
1975 |
Killed attempting to defuse a bomb |
| PC |
Clifford Lancaster |
1975 |
Collapsed and died while searching for suspects |
| PC |
Stephen Andrew Tibble, QPM |
1975 |
Shot dead off-duty attempting to stop a suspect pursued by police |
| PC |
Alan Baxter |
1977 |
Fatally injured when his vehicle crashed during a police pursuit) |
| PC |
Kevin Kelliher |
1979 |
Fatally injured when his vehicle crashed during a police pursuit |
| PC |
Francis Joseph O'Neill |
1980 |
Stabbed while questioning a suspect |
| CEO |
Kenneth Robert Howorth |
1981 |
Killed attempting to defuse a bomb |
| PC |
Robert Benjamin Mercer |
1982 |
Fatally injured when his vehicle crashed during a police pursuit |
| WPC |
Jane Philippa Arbuthnot |
1983 |
Killed in the Harrods bombing |
| Insp |
Stephen John Dodd |
1983 |
Killed in the Harrods bombing |
| Sgt |
Noel Joseph Lane |
1983 |
Killed in the Harrods bombing |
| PC |
Stephen Paul Walker |
1983 |
Accidentally run over while pursuing suspects |
| PC |
Grant Clifford Sunnucks |
1984 |
Fatally injured when his vehicle crashed during a police pursuit |
| PC |
Ronald Ian Leeuw |
1984 |
Collapsed and died while struggling with a violent prisoner |
| WPC |
Yvonne Joyce Fletcher |
1984 |
Shot dead while policing a political demonstration |
| PC |
Stephen John Jones |
1984 |
Run over while attempting to stop a drunk-driver |
| PC |
Keith Henry Blakelock, QGM |
1985 |
Stabbed during the Broadwater Farm riot |
| DC |
John William Fordham |
1985 |
Stabbed while on surveillance duty |
| PC |
Philip Michael Olds |
1986 |
Died after being shot and left paralysed in 1980 while attempting an arrest |
| PC |
Martin Bickersteth Bell |
1986 |
Run over during a police pursuit |
| PC |
Ronan Konrad McCloskey |
1987 |
Dragged by a vehicle while attempting to arrest the drunk driver |
| PC |
Laurence Peter Brown |
1990 |
Shot dead as he approached a suspect |
| PC |
Robert Chenery Gladwell |
1991 |
Died after being assaulted during an arrest |
| DC |
James Morrison, QGM |
1991 |
Stabbed attempting an arrest off-duty |
| Sgt |
Alan Derek King |
1991 |
Stabbed attempting an arrest |
| PC |
Patrick Dunne |
1993 |
Shot dead while investigating reports of gunfire in the street |
| Sgt |
Derek John Carnie Robertson |
1994 |
Stabbed attempting an arrest during a robbery |
| PC |
George Pickburn Hammond |
1995 |
Died from injuries sustained in a stabbing in 1985 |
| PC |
Phillip John Walters |
1995 |
Shot dead attempting an arrest |
| PC |
Nina Alexandra Mackay |
1997 |
Stabbed attempting an arrest |
| PC |
Kulwant Singh Sidhu |
1999 |
Fell through a roof while pursuing suspects |
| PC |
Christopher Roberts |
2007 |
Collapsed and died after a violent arrest |
| PC |
Gary Andrew Toms |
2009 |
Run over when attempting to stop escaping suspects |
Key to rank abbreviations: PC = Police Constable · WPC = Woman Police Constable · WRC = War Reserve Constable · DC = Detective Constable · Sgt = Sergeant · DS = Detective Sergeant · Insp = Inspector · CEO = Civilian Explosives Officer.
See also
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References
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- ^ a b GLA press release, 11 March 2003
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- ^ Hansard, 26 February 1996
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- ^ Report of the Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis for the Year 1952. Included 35 Chief Superintendents (including one woman), 12 Detective Chief Superintendents, 62 Superintendents (including one woman), 16 Detective Superintendents, 128 Chief Inspectors (including five women), 64 Detective Chief Inspectors (including one woman), 20 Station Inspectors, 465 Inspectors (including four women), 140 Detective Inspectors (including one woman), 441 Station Sergeants, 202 1st Class Detective Sergeants, 1,834 Sergeants (including 32 women), 414 2nd Class Detective Sergeants (including six women), 11,951 Constables (including 310 women), and 615 Detective Constables (including 27 women). The official establishment was 20,045.
- ^ Raymond B. Fosdick, European Police Systems, 1915. Figures at 31 December 1912, including 33 Superintendents, 607 Chief Inspectors and Inspectors, 2,747 Sergeants and 17,142 Constables.
- ^ [1]
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- ^ The Job: Life sentence for London nailbomber
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